Survey on Family life Essay -- essays research papers

Survey of Family Life A social institution is an organized pattern of beliefs and behaviors centered on basic human needs. Family is a major social institution in our society that controls how children are brought up, and are taught how to behave and act in the world. It is a major support system, and a guide to be introduced into our society. In our Society today, when people are asked what a family is, there are many different responses. Because of the media, people often associate what they think is a family is through their favorite television shows, books, and magazines. The problem with programs such as Family Ties, or the Cosby show is that they don’t always portray or provide realistic views. Through a survey given to ten random people at Merrimack College, I concluded that families differ in many ways whether it’s through marriage or divorce, decision making, and family unity. One type of family that is typically portrayed by the Media is the nuclear family. A nuclear family is a married couple and their unmarried children living together. From the nuclear family, many larger family groups can be formed. Demonstrated by my survey I found that the average nuclear family has about four members. My survey also showed that the amount of blood related siblings living in the same household was about two per family. Among the nuclear family there is also extended family, where relatives live in the same home as parents and their children. The results from my survey presented that not many people have extended family, but the extended family that does exist consists mainly of grandparents. There are advantages to the extended family over the nuclear family, such as more emotional, physical, and economical support for the family as a whole. In the television show Family Matters, extended family is demonstrated when the grandmother comes to live with â€Å"Winslows†. She was portrayed as a loving person who was always there to listen to her family’s problems. In this case of the media, we see that extended family is properly used. In the United States, most people would prefer the nuclear family as their family arrangement, but studies show that only one third of the population actually fulfills this model. Research has shown dramatic increase of divorce rates, and remarriages over the past 30 years. Through my survey taken at Merrimack College, results show ... ...estion that favored the female parent over the male was whose side of the family had preference over the other, and the results were mostly of matrilineal descent. Richardson, a feminist researcher, concluded that the family is the â€Å"source of a women’s strength† and I completely agree. The claim is in agreement with my survey seeing as how the mother is dominant in many aspects of family life. Along, with my conclusions with women being dominant in a family, I also acknowledged that the people who responded to my survey whose parents were divorced seemed to have a bitter outlook on their family life. They often used negative comments when answering if their kin was close or not, or who made decisions in the family. I believe that today’s society is falling into a downward spiral of divorce, separation, and remarriages, and in most cases are effecting the nuclear family negatively. Family should be a support system in your life, and not looked upon negati vely. In a forward direction, we see more egalitarian families emerging, and patriarchy’s declining. A family is in important social institution within our society and should be held highly within our kinship, and nuclear families.

Media Violence Essay

Introduction   Ã‚   A number of psychological problems are surfacing these days, especially concerning the younger generation. The open viewer ship of television, movies & playing video games instill young children with the aggression & violent energy of the show. It has been deduced through extensive research that children who view more media violence are more verbally & physically aggressive becoming more anti social as the years pass. â€Å"Media violence exposure is described as a risk factor for aggressive beliefs and behaviors, and it is argued that media violence exposure in combination with other risk factors for aggression (e.g., hostile attribution bias, sex, prior aggression) can produce an effect greater than any single risk factor alone.† (For further review Gentile et al 2004)   Ã‚   Psychologists have been conducting researches to learn more about the physical & mental effects of violence through media. The intense & antagonistic music, lyrics & videos affect the viewers most negatively regardless of their age. Even the cartoons which are meant purely for children’s viewing have turned aggressive & boisterous. In classrooms students are getting into fights with co- students & forming cliques comprising of most popular & un- popular students all derived from the latest TV series. This impact is seen in girls more than in boys; however the boys are more into the aggressive attitudes physically. The matters to be discussed are: How the media affects the minds of young children? What steps are being taken by the parents to control these consequences? What measures are the media related people taking so as to broadcast less violence in TV shows? The government & officials dealings to solve this problem? The problems occurring due to this social learning; a process where an individual learns by watching & imitating others instead of ones own experiences, by exposure to TV violence in the early years are numerous. Some main points to be highlighted are: Diminishing of the involuntary concern for another’s suffering. Losing the sensitivity towards violence & aggression by becoming habitual. Imitating the violent acts as seen in the movie. Exhibiting a hostile attitude towards others. Prevalence of risk factor:   Ã‚   Due to the availability of many media options like cable television, DVDs, & the ever progressing video games. Unlimited time is being spent in watching cartoon & animated movies, which are becoming more sadistic as the technology advances; generating a number of behavioral, social & emotional problems. At times the media simply provide a boom to an already disturbed child under stress due to family or school troubles. Often it causes severe psychotic disorders & pervasive developmental disorders with a very low frequency which makes it difficult to identify the main causes. (Merrell K. 1999) Description of risk factor at different ages:   Ã‚   The risk factors in media violence are many & observed differently at each age level & also gender wise.   A research   concluded at 99% of American families have televisions at home, 87% a VCR,   54% children have televisions & video games in their own bedrooms. Average time an American child spends per day, in viewing different types of media is 6 hours & 43 minutes; of which 90 minutes each day is spent in playing video games. This deduces that they consume double the amount of time in watching TV & playing video games then they spend at school annually. Children are mostly fascinated by the fantasies & stories hence fantasy based games are the most popular among kids. The total estimation of the profit earned by the video games industry is a whopping $ 10 billion dollars a year, even crossing the gross of the ever popular motion pictures.    It has not yet been deduced how the media violence effects infants but it may cause them to imitate behaviors in a minimal manner, from what they grasp. Usually the viewer ship becomes stronger when they reach the age of two & a half or above. That’s the time when they develop the ability to grasp the right meaning of what they view on television & then incorporate it in their actions.    The children of age group 6 – 8 are most likely to be fascinated by what they view on media. They do not have the experience & maturity to characterize between the real life & fantasy hence; they feel infatuated by the fictional characters & try to imitate their actions verbally & physically. Many children, when asked what they want to be when they grow up, answer mostly the names of superheroes they watch & admire on TV like superman or batman.   Ã‚  When the movie superman was released many children tried to copy the flying act by tying a cape around their neck & jumping from a higher place. This ended up in a number of casualties & therefore frustration on not being able to carry out the task, which the superman so flawlessly renders. This is not an only example; the horror movies children view also create negative effects in the young minds. When the movie Childs play was released, a huge number of children threw away their dolls & had countless nightmares by imagining the face of chucky the evil doll & feeling scared.    The young age is open to magical ideas & fantasies. They consider the on-screen violence as reality, this though process gradually develops as the child ages & the difference between reality & fantasy diminishes. The TV is taking over the family moments. This development is progressing with great pace which is an extremely serious issue & needs to be tackled & controlled by the parents & with the collaboration of the media related people.   Ã‚   The media viewing habits that the children develop at an early stage influence their life throughout the ages. The inspiration they take from the fast paced & colorful cartoons & movies will embark a feeling of aggression at a premature level. The exploring property of young minds fosters them to learn the violent actions of the characters & emulate them themselves. This characteristic is further highlighted by the intense sounds & music supporting the movie. Theory    The reality & enjoyment level of the violence creates de-sensitization. It is a feeling when the individual, loses the feeling of compassion or sensitivity & becomes oblivious to the violence being broadcasted in front of him. This process is cemented by the high levels of graphics being used in video games & movies these days. The points or rewards on killing, blood showing & body mutilation in video games are considered as normal undertakings.    Depression is considered to be the major psychiatric disease of the 20th century. (M. Abdel et al, 2006) This problem is becoming common in young children as well, mostly appearing during the teenage years, it intervenes with a child’s psychological, social & academic functioning evoking a suicidal behavior. The signs are often showcased by a child exhibit frustration & low tolerance. Various factors are materializing due to the media violence exposure in children: Epidemiologists who have been studying the factors of violence & other common social issues discovered that exposure to violent media played a vital part in 10,000 homicides committed in the United States of America last year (E. Cook, 2000) Individuals preferring heavy metal music are more subjective to psychological disarray, substance exploitation, & suicidal risk in the extreme stage during adolescence. The effects of interactive media like internet & video games are more enduring & persuasive on violent behavior than passive media like television as they have increased levels of aggression & hostility having a tendency to make the individual insensitive to violence. An inclination towards using drugs & indulging in unsafe sex, contributing to the widely spreading diseases like HIV aids, cancer of different types. Specific effects on children/adolescents     Ã‚  Ã‚  The students of middle school or high school, around the age of 12 to 17 are very much capable of theoretical thinking & elucidation. However, when exposed to the world of media they do not utilize these mental abilities, making them as prone to media violence effects as younger children. By this age they get much independence by the parents, thus making them highly vulnerable to in appropriate media. This is more compelling for boys than in girls; however, girls too are being captivated into the same habits nowadays. They indulge in viewing media dealing issues in negative ways including loud music videos, horror & often pornographic content.    A research conducted by the of Washington epidemiologist Brandon Centerwall, evaluated that among one- quarter & one- third convicted young male criminals had consciously imitated the violent techniques they had seen on television.(Tepperman)   Ã‚  Ã‚   Some percentage of youngsters both male & females who associate the media content with real life are more prone to becoming aggressive later in life, however they are less prone to identify with television characters & doubt the reality of media at this age as compared to younger children. Whereas younger children, are much enthralled & captivated by the aggressive heroes depicted in the media. Excessive exposure to strong media generates some particular effects on children like: The violent behavior might perceive them into becoming attackers. It may induce fear in the individual hence creating a victimized effect. The excessive viewing of violent content may make them insensitive & ruthless to the belligerence happening around them in media or in real life. It can make them ambitious for yet more aggression & violence by creating an effect of negative desire.    The children studying at elementary school level are very keen in recognizing patterns of the actions depicted in media especially cartoons which appeal to them the most. Their cognitive abilities make it a grave period to make conjectures about the vociferous content & recognize motivations of the characters.    The society should show some concern to the risks encompassed & being spread through media. The fact that a young mind learns & develops aggressive behavior & later becomes desensitized to it; has been proven by a number of scientific researches. The violence itself is not the attraction for younger children, the graphic content & dramatic production features set up the hype. As young as preschool students view cartoons like Pokemon which has been banned earlier in many countries due to its violent theme.   Ã‚   The children not just enjoy the cartoons; they buy the merchandise & games of their favorite show as well. Another factor that appears here is when the families who cannot afford such extravagance fail to comply with the Childs demands; it creates a sense of severance in him or her. This might induce him to steal or get into fights so as to hide this feeling. It has been noted by parents & teachers alike, that when preschooler watch any stimulating action oriented content, they become more aggressive in their play. The teenagers have a predisposition to confront conventional authority making them vulnerable to interpret some television violence & especially exposà © of suicide & murders. Research findings   Ã‚   If we observe the viewer ship of programs like MTV & WWE containing explicit matter, it is clear that children most exposed to these programs are verbally & physically more aggressive & anti social. Children viewing WWE are physically more violent & get into more fights at school. Both the viewers showed decline in school grades. Girls surprisingly have a higher tendency than boys to get into fights. The steps that appear in children exposed to violence on media making them most likely to imitate it are: Identification with the hero & the program itself. Fantasizing about the program & creating one’s own stories on its bases. The aptitude to commit the act. Vulnerability and protective factor    The expansion of children’s media started in the early 1940s & up till now comprises of television, video tapes, DVDs, electronic games, interactive soft wares. The visual media has flourished more as compared to the print media like comic & story books. The 1990s saw a transformation of media into a more violent & physically aggressive medium. The rating system that they used to label the content has not been implemented properly thus provoke the risk of violence in young children, often traumatizing them & affecting their judgmental qualities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  The media portrays unrealistic concepts regarding beauty & physical appearances as sales tactics. This is perceived by the young minds in a negative way propelling them to opt for unhealthy diets & suffer body disorders & psychological effects when they are unable to attain that look. Minimum 20 hours per week are spent in television viewing by an average American child not counting the time spent on movies, music, video games & Internet. This association with media is promoting inactivity the children. Less time is spent on studies & social life. The parents use the TV as a way to get the children out of the way. Especially mothers so they can complete housework with ease.    The use of tobacco, alcohol & illicit drugs is represented as high glamour in the media. The characters of the movies or TV shows often shown indulging in them. (Clark, 2007) $6 billion & $2 billion dollars are spent annually by the tobacco & alcohol manufactures respectively in advertising their product. Educational messages are also broadcasted but on a much smaller scale.   Ã‚   Repeated viewing of the harmful content has been noted to lower emotional response to violence & increase hostility in individuals. Studies have documented that desensitization results in reduced arousal and emotional disturbance while witnessing violence.   Ã‚   A survey conducted in Ohio, in 1998 of more than 2000 3-8 grade students showed that as the viewer ship increased the psychological effects like anxiety, depression & posttraumatic stress increased as well. (Cantor, 2002) A normal American child witness more than 8000 murders on media by the time he’s 11, 75% of these show the murderer performing the act without any regret making the children either insensitive or fearful of the society’s negative acts. (Gentile et all, 2004)   A national survey in 1999 revealed that 62% parents of children ages ranging from 2-17 confessed their child being frightened by something they saw on TV. Strengths and limitations Surveys were conducted, strength is that research will have positive implications if steps taken to avoid exposure of media on young children. Our research limitation is that we have to rely on questionnaires for this study. Though every person who takes the survey we take consent to be truthful and honest, but still some people might not be serious in answering the questions.   Ã‚   The research we conducted brought out many views & issues concerning the media’s violent nature by parents & psychological experts. Many a times the results deduced by a survey are not 100% accurate due to the answers not being stated with honesty. Often parents hide their children’s problems so as to cast a positive & likeable image in front of others. Thus, giving false information & diluting the research. Further investigation should be planned & executed to fully extract the true happenings. This can help in contriving the broadcast of media to promote positive points among its viewers. The studies should be devised with a broad view so as to cover all the aspects whether good or bad. Often the experts do not co-operate with the evaluators therefore the end results lack professional guidelines. Expert opinion is always required to cement the result of surveys & strengthen the evaluation.    The researches conducted in schools proved to be quite remarkable & helped in collecting physical & psychological health of the children. The information given was backed by the annual report cards & examination results of each student. More studies should be conducted in different level schools. It provides a beneficial lead in devising theories regarding the children. Future directions for research Further research is needed in this field and especially research must be conducted to study the effect of media on developmental psychology of children. Future research will reveal how violence in media is affecting children and the related frequency of occurrence of abnormal psychological disorders. This will help taking further steps to stop such media violence and avoid psychological problems.    The research conducted proves that moderate television viewing with parents check is rather favorable for the young children. The media can be used as an effective tool in teaching & developing sound habits in children through parental guidance & proper planning of the medium’s people. Parents can use the specific shows as guidelines to satisfy the child’s inquisition. Watching programs with good values & ethics on TV can help the children understand the right way to behave.    However the media is being used in a limited way, the variety of messages that can be incorporated through the medium is being ignored. Changes must be designed to use the medium in a finest way. The gaps left by this research & evaluation should be fulfilled by further researches that are extensively conducted.    Advertising &entertainment industries represent the culture & spirit of the respective country to the rest of the world & must not be used casually. Parents & teachers should come up with strategies to create a sense of understanding in the children from an early age.   The parents should realize what effects the movies & content on TV are having on their children & try to minimize TV viewing at home level. Some ways that may be incorporated by parents to limit children’s revelation to violence are: Restricting & keeping a check on what their children view on TV Discussing the programs with older children or young adults to clear their minds of any confusion & help them in expressing their opinions. Start a family oriented time by going for picnics, organizing a special lunch or dinner. Allow the children to watch TV for a selected time period & only programs that are desirable for their viewing. Offer criticism on TV channels & sponsors for showing in appropriate programs or content so as to force them to use proper censorship. Conclusion    The effects whether positive or negative concerning today’s media are out in the open. It is the duty of every individual to counter such issues & raise their voices to control them. Many researches & experiments are being conducted to realize the short-term & long-term effects of violent media. Feelings of hostility, revenge, anger sprout in a young mind & provoke him or her to retaliate. Many reasons that promote violence on media are present. Often the viewer & the broadcaster thinks the effect is too minute to make a difference in anyone’s mind, nevertheless children are affected by the smallest of acts without worrying about its positive or negative aspect. The media declaring that that there is no understanding of the definition of violence among the people & continue to showcase the explicit content. They further comprehend by saying they show what the people want to watch. Believing that violence shown on media is simply showcasing real life. This is mostly observed in news channels & movies, where gruesome details of murder & accidents are shown openly. Parents allow children to view violent content in the name of comedy, many well-liked shows illustrate this example such as the ever popular tom & jerry cartoon which shows both the characters beating or pummeling each other References Anon., (May 28, 2003) Preventing violence by teaching non-violent problem-solving American Psychological Association, [accessed 1st December 2007] Anon, (February 19, 2004) Violence in the media – psychologists helps protect children from harmful effects American Psychological Association [accessed 1st December 2007] Donald E. Cook, (September 13, 2000) Testimony of the American academy of pediatrics on media violence presented to the U.S. senate commerce committee http://www.aap.org/advocacy/releases/mediaviolencetestimony.pdf Douglas A. Gentile, David A. Walsh, Paul R. Ellison, Michelle Fox & Jennifer Cameron (May, 2004) Media violence as a risk factor for children: a longitudinal study– presented to the American Psychological Society 16th Annual Convention, Chicago, Illinois- pgs 2-5 Jean Tepperman, [January-February 1997]. What do children learn from media violence? Children’s Advocate newsmagazine, Action Alliance for Children Action Alliance for Children [accessed 1st December 2007] Joanne Cantor, (April 19, 2002). The psychological effects of media violence on children and adolescents Presented at the Colloquium on Television and Violence in Society Kenneth W. Merrell, (1999) Assessment of other behavioral, social, and emotional problems: Behavioral, Social and Emotional Assessment of Children and Adolescents Lawrence Erlbaum Associates- Mahwah, NJ. Publication chapter 11, pg 275 Laura B. Clark (2007) Influence on children media – history of media for children, general considerations, studies of media influence, domains of influence, recommendations– Education Encyclopedia Moataz M. Abdel- Fattah & Abdel-Rahman A. Asal, (August 13, 2006) Prevalence, symptomatology, and risk factors for depression among high school students in Saudi Arabia copyright  © 2005 Europe’s Journal of Psychology [Accessed 1st December 2007] http://www.ejop.org/archives/2006/08/prevalence_symp.htm Wendy L. Josephson, (February 1995) Television violence: a  review of the effects on children of different ages for the Department of Canadian Heritage Reprinted with permission, by the Media Awareness Network. September 1997 [accessed on 1st December 2007]

The World Of 1984 By George Orwell - 1455 Words

In the world of 1984, the Party seems unstoppable. For most of the younger generation, there never existed a world without it, and seemingly there never will. Small acts of rebellion do appear sometimes, inevitably, but the Party has an entire Ministry dedicated to smothering those out. There is a tiny speck of hope still present, though, and it depends on three primary things: that Newspeak is not effectively implemented, that the central government in Eurasia or Eastasia is overthrown, and that the proles are not monitored more closely or forced to conform with the Inner and Outer Party ways. With these three things and more combined, there is a miniscule but obstinate chance that the Party will be overthrown. If Newspeak is put into effect as planned, there is no hope for the Party’s destruction. Newspeak, as described in the book, is a newer, edited version of English with a much diminished vocabulary. Words that could lead to unorthodox thoughts are removed from the language completely, so it becomes much harder to think or say anything the Party doesn’t want you to; if you don’t know a word for rebellion, it becomes infinitesimally harder to even think about rebelling, much less actually start a rebellion. In 1984, one of Winston’s friends says the Party plans to implement Newspeak fully by 2050, just around 65 years later. Because of this, it’s imperative that either the rebellion takes place before 2050 or that Newspeak isn’t successfully implemented by then.Show MoreRelatedSurveillance in 1984 by George Orwells and the Modern World731 Words   |  3 PagesA world beyond what George Orwell could imagine has been created in modern society thr ough the use of not only government surveillance, but also corporate and consumer spying where users are often unaware of spying.. 1984 is set in a neo-communist society where the government controls production of goods and spies on its citizens in order to maintain power. In the modern era, surveillance takes a different form. Often the methods for spying on citizens in the US do not involve a direct line fromRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Brave New World And 19841537 Words   |  7 PagesAldous Huxley and George Orwell address the major oppressive issues by composing futuristic dystopian novels. Their societies, whether it be London or Oceania, were created in order to emphasize humanistic values. In the novels Brave New World and 1984, the authors display the resemblances and disparities of modern ideals. Both of Huxley and Orwell’s viewpoint of relationships, technology, and brainwashing reveal the underlying theme that a totalitarian state is dangerous; displaying them in variousRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Brave New World And 19841400 Words   |  6 PagesB.N.W. v.s. 1984 Synthesis Essay Hypothesis become theories and theories become laws. Brave New World and 1984 were both predictions made in the 1900s about what the future of the world would be like. Both of these books were written during the time when communism rose, and they show a world where it would have been like if communism was never struck down. Certainly, one novel makes a better prediction of the future than the other, and this case it will be 1984. 1984 is a better prediction becauseRead MoreThe Brave New World, By Aldous Huxley And 1984 By George Orwell1680 Words   |  7 Pagesthe two dystopian societies of Brave New World by Aldous Huxley and 1984 by George Orwell. He suggests that â€Å"Orwell feared that what we hate will ruin us. Huxley feared that what we love will ruin us† (Postman). The Party of 1984 maintained control of the people by keeping them under constant surveillance, whereas the government of Brave New World kept the citizens so happy, they never felt threatened enough to pu t up a fight. Both Brave New World and 1984 multiple methods of fear manipulation toRead MoreBrave New World And 1984 By Aldous Huxley And George Orwell994 Words   |  4 PagesAuthors Aldous Huxley and George Orwell each attempt to demonstrate the gloomy outcomes of power-hungry totalitarian governments in their novels Brave New World and 1984. Orwell, in 1984, fabricates the â€Å"Party† as a communistic, autocratic bureaucracy that ensures their control over their populace through unscrupulous manipulation of history and ubiquitous espionage that gives them complete control over every individual’s thoughts and feelings. Huxley, in Brave New World, establishes a governmentRead MoreGeorge Orwell s 1984 And World War II1178 Words   |  5 PagesBroken Record World War II was the most disastrous war to date. When Hitler invaded other territories, the leaders of those countries succumbed to Hitler’s rising power. As a result, millions of people died. In George Orwell’s 1984, similar events occurred. In fact, 1984 and World War II correlate well for the following reasons: countries switched sides, casualties were high, battles were fought in a variety of areas, and concentration camps existed. During the World War II era, allegiances fluctuatedRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Brave New World, 1984, And King Lear3482 Words   |  14 PagesControl is presented in various ways in Brave New World, 1984, and King Lear. The ways in which the omnipresent governments in 1984 and Brave New World deploy power and control draw significant areas of comparison to each other, as well as contrasting to the presentation of power and control in King Lear. Various methods are utilised in order to exercise power and control in 1984, King Lear, and Brave New World. â€Å"Hypnopaedia† is employed in Brave New World as a method of mass control. Infants are conditionedRead MoreInfluences on George Orwell: Who is Watching Whom?1204 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell once said, â€Å"In a time of universal deceit, telling the truth is a revolutionary act.† Orwell understood that telling the truth was an anomaly. He lived in a world full of lies and hatred. Consequently, George Orwell wanted to show people the real dangers of a totalitarian government, and he wrote two political novels that warn people of those dangers. These novels are still respected today, as some believe the world is turning into the â€Å"Orwellian† society he created in his mostRead More1984 Argument1249 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell’s book 1984 is a very interesting novel. The novel is set up in Airstrip One. In George Orwellâ€⠄¢s book 1984 it has many situations. One of the many situations are that some people refer society as â€Å"Orwellian.† What does Orwellian mean? Orwellian means, of or related to the works of George Orwell ( especially his picture of his future totalitarian state.) People believe that Orwell is realistic and say his work part of our society now. George Orwell was a writer in the twentieth centuryRead MoreThe Works of George Orwell1347 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell How did George Orwell, an author who died over 50 years ago, suddenly rocket to the top of the best sellers list? George Orwell was able to show peoples all over the world about dangers that not only pertained to people of his time period but to multitudes of future generations. He used his literary knowledge to write books that were incredible influential in both their literary skill and the message they portrayed. George Orwell greatly influenced British society through his literary

Study Of Month Effects On Stock Returns - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1847 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? According to the well known efficient market hypothesis, the stock prices in the future cannot be predicted from the historical trends in the stock prices. The market price of a particular day depends upon the demand and supply on that particular day and has no dependency on the historical data. It states that the market is efficient and no one can take abnormal profits because there are no trends in the stock prices and they cannot be forecasted. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study Of Month Effects On Stock Returns" essay for you Create order But in the recent researches that have been made in the stock indexes all around the world have given evidences of anomalies seen in the stock indexes and returns that clearly negate the efficient market hypothesis. These anomalies or the trends are called as the Calendar effects. There are many calendar effects that have been detected in the various stock exchanges; the most widely known and searched are January effect, December effect, September effect, Monday effect. And there are others also that depend upon the country that is under study for example the Halloween effect in US stock market and Xmas effect in the English stock markets and Ramadan effect in the Islamic countries are well known. It is interesting fact that even though a lot of research has been conducted on these calendar effects and they have shown a lot of evidence in the stock markets all around the world, even now this has not been honored as a part of the literature. Mainly because if these calendar effe cts are studied over a larger scale of data, they fall weak in their significance. And gave an impression that these are not a reality but a mere illusion of the data or data mining. We in our paper have tried to study if there are any anomalies in the Karachi Stock Exchange. A larger data sample is taken so that the effect of the data mining would be decreased. And other tests would also be run to check the validity of the data and minimize the corruption of data mining. This study would be helpful for the investors in the country and abroad in making the right decisions for gaining profits. The study would also be helpful for the researchers all around the world in understanding more clearly this illusion of calendar effects, better, because Karachi Stock Exchange is the one that has been least studied in this context. Finally it would be helpful for the Karachi Stock Exchange itself, we believe, in drawing the attention of the researchers towards it and giving a positive im age in the research world. LITERATURE REVIEW To see the calendar affects and their historical existence, we will have to go back till Fama (1960) introduced the term called as the efficient market hypothesis, according to which the stock markets shows a random walk behavior and that the stock prices are not affected by the historical patterns in the stock market or in other words, the stock prices cannot be predicted. Also the theory stated that there is a uniformity of information in the market. And everyone trading in the market has the same information available to him and because of this uniformity in the stock information; no investor can take the abnormal profits. Various studies and researches were then performed to study the existence of this efficient market hypothesis. But some results were found that were totally contradictory to the efficient market hypothesis and its random walk behavior. Angel Berges, John J. McConnell, and Gary G. Schlarbaum (1984) found out that January effect was visible in the Canadian stock exchange and that the January stock returns were higher than every other month of the year ranging on a data period of 29 years from 1951-1980. These researches gave rise to other researches being conducted on January effect and finding out if there were any other anomalies in the stock exchanges as well. Lakonishok, J., Smidt, S. (1988) studied the Dow Jones over a period of 90 years data and found out significant abnormalities in the stock prices, the most obvious the Monday effect, at the end of the month, at the end of the year and the holiday effect. Having searched on this large scale data of 90 years considering these anomalies due to mere luck is not likely. The research then spreading to the other countries showed the presence of these anomalies in them as well. Anup and Kishore Tandon (1994) conducted a research on five seasonal patterns in the stock markets of eighteen countries. End of the month anomaly was seen in many countries. The large January returns are also seen in most countries. Apart from that Boudreaux (1995) also conducted research on stock markets of seven countries to find out significant positive monthly effects in Australia and Canada, while negative monthly effect in Japanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s market. P Hansen  (2003) conducted research on 27 stock indices from 10 countries, Denmark, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, Norway, Sweden, UK, and USA and found 17 possible calendar effects containing 12 month-of-the-year and the 5 day-of-the-week effects. Grimbacher, Swinkels and van Vliet (2010) used a sample from 1963-08 find the Halloween and the turn of the month effects as the most significant of all anomalies and the January effect to be the weakest. These anomalies in the stock exchanges have shown varying results in different countries. For example Bin Li, Benjamin Liu (2010) performed the research in New Zealand Stock Exchange found out significant positive results in June and negative results in August , an anomaly that is not to be seen in UK stock exchanges. Also there was a very less significant January and April effects, present in just two industries indices in the sector. Also there has been a lot of controversy regarding the acceptance of these calendar anomalies as realistic or just because of a mere chance or because of the data mining. Jacobsen, Zhang (2010) used a wide scale data of 317 years of UK stock exchange to verify if these calendar effects were real or just by mere chance. The results also proved the existence of the calendar anomalies. And also shows a change in these anomalies along the time. Pre 1850 there was a December present in the market that changed into the famous January effect afterwards. Underperformance of the stock in the months of July and October is also evident in the data. So there has been a research in the stock exchanges all around the globe and they have found anomalies in the stock exchange returns, despite of the fact that they mi ght have been seen because of the data mining factor. A recent attention has also been given to the Karachi Stock Exchange as well to study if there exists any anomaly in KSE. F Husain (1998) took 36 individual stocks, 8 sector indices, and the general market index, covering the period from January 1, 1989 to December 30, 1993 to study if there was any Ramadan effect in the stock market and found out that although stock returns decline in the month of Ramadan, the reduction, in general, is not significant. There is strong evidence of a significant decline in the volatility of stock returns in this month. S Ali (2009) went to research with a bigger scale data of the KSE comprising closing daily, weekly and monthly data of the KSE 100 index for period starting November 1991 to October 2006. The results again showed neither monthly calendar effects nor days of the week effects. Positive average returns were witnessed in the first and second week while the third and fourth week sh owed average negative returns. There are no monthly calendar effects in the market either. DATA METHADOLOGY We have used the daily Karachi Stock Index ranging across a period of five years from January 2006 to December 2010.The close of day Rt is computed from KSE 100 index as follows: Rt =ln (It/I t-1) Rt is the daily return on KSE100 index on day t. It and I t-1 are closing values of the month respectively. To investigate the calendar effect we estimate the following regression equation: Rt =ÃŽÂ ²1Jt+ ÃŽÂ ²2Ft+ ÃŽÂ ²3MRt+ ÃŽÂ ²4APt+ ÃŽÂ ²5MYt+ ÃŽÂ ²6JNt+ ÃŽÂ ²7JLt+ ÃŽÂ ²8AUt+ ÃŽÂ ²9St+ ÃŽÂ ²10Ot+ ÃŽÂ ²11Nt +ÃŽÂ ²12Dt+à ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ²t Where Rt is the daily returns and Jt, Ft, MRt, APt, MYt, JNt, JLt, AUt, St, Ot, Nt Dt are dummy variables for January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December respectively. If it is January than J=1 and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“0à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? for all other days of the year, if it is February then F=1 and F= 0 for all other days of the year and so forth, à ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ² is a ra ndom term. B1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" B12 are co-efficient to be estimated using OLS. Empirical Results We conducted study to investigate the Calendar effect in Karachi stock exchange. We calculate monthly market returns for each month of the year, by using KSE-100 index daily data. Descriptive Statistics: Table- 1 Descriptive Statistics months Minimum Maximum Sum Mean Std. Deviation Variance Skewness Kurtosis Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic January -5.2785 4.7051 13.2874 .119706 1.4792473 2.188 -.789 .229 3.671 February -5.1349 4.1101 20.7684 .205628 1.3439130 1.806 -.354 .240 2.518 March -4.5007 5.3012 25.6476 .231059 1.5719945 2.471 .052 .229 1.590 April -3.9478 4.3185 15.3018 .143008 1.3536062 1.832 -.080 .234 2.408 May -4.6204 3.5514 -42.1196 -.382905 1.5753882 2.482 -.582 .230 .389 June -6.0418 8.2547 11.8456 .109681 2.1339432 4.554 .218 .233 2.150 July -4.5345 3.8806 5.1754 .046625 1.5524969 2.410 -.554 .229 1.439 August -3.9848 4.3948 -25.1996 -.229087 1.7060419 2.911 - .140 .230 .129 September -2.6705 2.9424 22.4747 .210044 .9636335 .929 .453 .234 .955 October -4.4355 2.8350 18.1200 .163244 1.0256923 1.052 -.889 .229 4.644 November -4.6738 2.7165 -2.3470 -.021934 1.1849094 1.404 -.775 .234 2.411 December -4.8184 2.6518 -41.2052 -.371218 1.5305945 2.343 -1.303 .229 1.285 By descriptive statistics we noted that mean return of the March is higher than the rest of the months. The mean return on March is 0.231059 whereas the mean returns of the rest of the months is an average of -0.018596. The higher mean return shows that there is March effect in Karachi stock exchange. Table- 2 Regression Analysis Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients T B Std.Error Beta B (Constant) .047 .141 .331 Jan .073 .199 .014 .367 Feb .159 .204 .028 .779 Mar .184 .199 .034 .926 Apr .096 .201 .018 .479 May -.430 .200 -.080 -2.151 Jun .063 .201 .012 .314 July .033 .148 .006 .221 Aug -.276 .200 -.051 -1.381 Sep .163 .201 .030 .813 Oct .117 .199 .022 .585 Nov -.069 .201 -.013 -.341 Dec -.418 .199 -.078 -2.097 Regression results and related statistics are presented in table 2 and ANOVA test results are presented in table 3 Table- 3 ANOVA Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 60.081 11 5.462 2.480 .004(a) Residual 2848.185 1293 2.203 Total 2908.265 1304 The results show that there is March effect in Pakistani stock market. The t value for the month of March is 0.926 which indicates a greater impact on the Rt. ANOVA suggest that the model is significant with F significance 0.004. Which indicate the fitness of the model. CONCLUSION In this study we have examined daily returns of KSE-100 Index, from the period starting 2006 till end of 2010, with a purpose to find out if there exist any monthly anomalies in the returns. In Karachi Stock Exchange, trading occurs five days a week (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday) throughout the year. The Efficient Market Hypothesis explains that there are constant market returns for the whole year. Empirical results of this study indicate that there is a significant March effect in Karachi Stock market. And this is proven by both the regression results and the descriptive statistics that are highest for the month of March than any other month of the year. March Returns are more volatile compared to other months of the year. So the results have concluded that in the recent five years, there has existed a month effect in Karachi stock market which is the March Effect. And thus the Efficient Market Hypothesis is violated in KSE.

Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature Sample - 1295 Words

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES FOREIGN STUDIES In its broadest sense, impeachment is the process by which public officials may be removed from office on the basis of their conduct. Strictly speaking, it is the decision by a legislature to accuse an official of one or more offenses that warrant removal according to constitutional standards. A vote to impeach then triggers a trial based on those charges. The most famous impeachment proceedings have involved presidents, but every state has its own procedures. Most follow the federal model in general, but vary widely in their specifics. At the federal level, impeachment starts in the House of Representatives, where members may initiate resolutions to impeach a†¦show more content†¦Without a state House, the Nebraska Senate votes to impeach before passing articles on to the state Supreme Court for a trial. Oregon is the only state without constitutional provisions for impeachment of a governor or other executive and judicial officers, according to the NCSL. Those officials m ay be removed from office, but not by the state s legislature. State courts in Oregon may try public officials for criminal offenses, but the procedure depends upon the jurisdiction of a crime. LOCAL STUDIES Section 1, Article XI of the 1987 Constitution declares that â€Å"Public office is a public trust. Public officers and employees must at all times be accountable to the people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency, act with patriotism and justice, and lead modest lives.â€Å" These words echo loud and clear today as our country’s leaders find themselves at the brink of conducting this constitutional process. Impeachment has been defined as a national inquest into the conduct of public men. It is a necessary safeguard to ensure that public officers have the moral fitness and integrity to fulfil their mandate. The provisions on impeachment are enshrined in Article XI of the 1987 Constitution. Under the Constitution only the following public officers may be impeached: The President, Vice-President, the Members of the Supreme Court, the Members of the Constitutional Commissions, and theShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Water Quality On Faecal Contamination1423 Words   |  6 Pagesof this research project is to investigate the water quality in the Barcombe Mills tributary. By collecting samples along the stream, becomes an attempt to be illustrated the qualitative state of water, centring on faecal contamination. It is attempted to assess the risk of water-related illnesses from faecal contamination to persons coming in contact with the river. It will also be a review of the causes of poor water quality in Barcombe Mills tributary, in order to be applied techniques to mitigateRead MoreGary Dessler Human Resource Management 14th Edition1672 Words   |  7 Pagesof manuals listed. Our library is the biggest of these that have literally hundreds of thousands of different products represented. You will also see that there are specific sites catered to different product types or categories, brands or niches related with gary dessler human resource management 14th edition PDF. So depending on what exactly you are searching, you will be able to choose ebooks to suit your own needs. Here is the access to download page for GARY DESSLER HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENTRead MoreScience and Investigatory Project1503 Words   |  7 PagesINVESTIGATORY PROJECT 1. Get an idea. All of the following steps will base on your idea. Make sure it doesnt break any rule or else you might get disqualified. You can search for it if you dont have any idea. 2. Form a title. Usually titles are in a form of a question. This are examples. The question can start in how, does and many other. Does temperature affect the growth of molds? Does salt affect the density of water? 3. Research your idea. You have to know your idea more. You can do thisRead MoreThe On Smokeless Tobacco Products1317 Words   |  6 PagesThe literature review is a review of the literature is being used that is relevant to the research topic. Primary sources are original documents which come directly from the source of an individual perspective or observation (Research Guides). These sources are usually interviews, photos, diaries, and research studies conducted directly by the researcher. Secondary sources on the other hand are more of an interpretation of the original research by someone who did not have a direct involvement inRead MoreThe Costs And Benefits Of Financial Advice Essay1191 Words   |  5 Pagesgives broad idea about the emerging role of the financial planner in the various investments portfolio of the individuals. It talks about one’s diversified portfolio can improve his wealth by the advice given from experienced financial planners. 2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM As the advisory companies plays vital role as intermediary for the investors, but the investors are not much satisfied with the services provided by them, where as many of the investors are not aware of the functioning proceduresRead MoreEffects Of Cash Management1482 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Management, Investment decisions and financing decisions as independent variables were used to measure financial performance in place of the dependent variable. The researchers were used self-administered questionnaire with quantities, and sample size of 100. The study presented that measured individually; there is a positive relationship between working capital management; investment decisions; financial decisions and financial performance. Also, the study indicated that the collective effectRead MoreThe Impact Of Childcare Wages On Job Satisfaction, Job Commitment, And Program Quality Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesIn this chapter, the key findings with regard to the research questions w ere reviewed and broad conclusions based on the findings of the studies were described. The chapter concluded with implications and recommendations for stakeholders. The purpose of this research study was to find the impact of childcare wages on job satisfaction, job commitment, and program quality. The research questions for this study are listed below. What is the relationship between the individual wages for teachers andRead MoreRelation of Computer Literacy to Students Academic Performance1519 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND This chapter presents the problem and its background, the statement of the problem, the assumption, and the definition of terms that will be helpful to the readers. Those who have not taken the time to learn about computers often do not even know what to do once one has been turned on, and this problem should be corrected. That is why all high schools must make a computer literacy course a requirement for graduation. Although a computer course would takeRead MoreUsing The Quantitative Method, Data And Analyze The User Satisfaction At Library Facility1325 Words   |  6 Pages3.0 INTRODUCTION This specific chapter is actually consisting in the research style, data variety, technique, analysis method, data analysis and conclusion. In general, methodology of this research is to use the quantitative method and explain in more detail about setting questionnaire interview methods are also discussed in this chapter. The main method used in the approach introduced and explain more detail about the method or instrument that were use to analyze the application in quantitativeRead MoreStatement Of The Problem. Any Organization Whether It Is1602 Words   |  7 Pagesservice delivery. The reform has five subprograms; human resource management which is one among the sub programs is designed to focuses on developing result based performance management system in the civil service. This system faces various problems related to with its system development and implementation. Most of the challenges faced during the implementation of the system, as identified by observation and from the n ational training and implementation task force report, include ( Ministry of capacity

Multi-generational plan Free Essays

It is widely known that the clash between the baby boomers and the generation Xers goes way back especially in the work place. As a result certain jobs could get compromised because of these clashing attitudes. It was well known though that both these generations could actually present ideas that could help the business running. We will write a custom essay sample on Multi-generational plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main problem about these two generations is the fact that they seldom go along with each other. But who are the baby boomers and the generation Xers? The baby boomers were widely known to be the people born between 1946 to 1964 while the generation Xers were people born between 1965 to 1980. Baby boomers were known to have plenty of opinions when it comes to political issues and they usually believe in longer time for work while the generation Xers witnessed or lived the technological boom of the world and are more skeptic than any other generations (â€Å"Workplace generation gap: Understand differences among colleagues,†). The long term goal then is on how these two generations could come together for the benefit of the company or business. The main key to make these generations come together is to eliminate the tension between the two by helping each other understand the usual personality or outlook that each generation has. There could be a program that would lead to the understanding of the two generations. Although, those organizing these programs should be on alert on what they ought to do especially when this kind of program could easily lead to prejudice. A good suggestion of this program is to put the two generations in each others shoes. A group dynamic could be done and these activities/projects should reflect a certain aspect where both generations could be useful. Then the next step here is to render respect for each of the generations. The respect should come out genuine. If respect were done for the sake of respect then these people might not have really understood the plight of each generation. References: Workplace generation gap: Understand differences among colleagues. (July 6, 2005).  Ã‚   Retrieved August 1, 2007, from http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/library/WL/00045.html       How to cite Multi-generational plan, Essay examples

Microeconomics Principles. Problems - and Policies

Question: Discuss about the Microeconomics for Principles. Problems, and Policies. Answer: Introduction: The market force in a purely competitive market determines Price and quantity. In a competitive market a seller is price taker. Market supply is the aggregate output produced by all the firms (Baumol and Blinder 2015). As per law of demand, quantity demanded of normal good increases when price increases, ceteris paribus. Here, the assumption is other things such as income of the consumer, price of the other related goods and preference of the consumers remain the same. It has been assumed that the beef market is perfectly competitive. This assumption indicates that there is large number of sellers of beef and consumers have perfect information regarding product and quality (Parkin and Bade n.d). As per case study, multiple substitutes of beef exist in the market. Initial equilibrium is achieved in the market at the point E. S1 and D are initial demand and the supply curves in the beef market. At this point, total market demand for beef and total supply meets each other to clear the market. One of the main reasons for the rising price of beef in the market is decrease in supply of beef. Production of beef has decreased in West Australia as the number of cattle going to the local abattoirs has decreased. Moreover, number of processed claves has also decreased. Therefore, quantity supply of red meat has decreased. As the supply of cattle has reduced, supply of beef has reduced in the market. The market supply curve of beef has shifted to the left. At each price supply of beef has reduced compared to initial level. Change in price and supply of substitute goods have been ignored in this analysis as ceteris paribus assumption is held. Movement of price is along the demand curve. At P1 prices, demand is more than supply of supply of beef and hence, excess demand is created in the market. Firms are unable to supply beef by the amount of excess demand due to low production. Therefore, prices start to increase to clear the market assuming ceteris paribus. As price starts to rise above P1, some consumers, who do not want to buy same quantity at a higher price, are excluded from the market. Consequently quantity demand starts to decreases. The gap between demand and supply starts to decrease to absorb excess demand from the market. Price rises until the new equilibrium is reached at the point where new supply curve cuts the demand curve in the market. It has assumed that market demand has not changed. E2 is the new equilibrium, where new beef price is restored at P2 and the quantity demanded reduced to Q2. Elasticity of demand is determined by the change in the quantity demanded in response to the price of the product. Elasticity may be price elastic, inelastic and unitary elastic. Demand is elastic when the quantity demanded changes more than proportionately compared to change in price of the product, ceteris paribus. Thimmapuram and Kim (2013) mentioned that price elasticity of demand is negative as per law of demand. Law of demand states a negative relationship between price and quantity and the hence, the price elasticity of demand is negative. Weyl and Fabinger (2013) stated that price elasticity of demand is of two types such as own price elasticity and cross price elasticity. Own price elasticity reflects the change of quantity demanded due to change in own price of the concerned product. On the other hand, cross price elasticity refers to the change in quantity demanded due to change in price of a related good such as either substitute or complementary. Price elasticity of demand for beef is price elastic as it abides by the law of demand. One reason for elastic demand is availability of alternative in the market at a lower price. As the price of the beef increases by a small unit, quantity demanded of beef in west Australia increases more than proportionately. Same instance happens when price of beef falls. ep 1. When, price of beef rises, consumer surplus reduces. Ability of the consumer to purchase same quantity at a given price decreases. Therefore, consumer expenditure on beef decreases. When price increases other things remaining same, purchasing price of the consumer falls. The people with low income reduce consumption of beef and find other alternatives in the market. As the price elasticity of beef is greater than one, hence, small in price has greater impact on consumer expenditure (McConnell, Brue and Flynn 2014). Furthermore, as there is other alternative meet such as Spaghetti bolognaise and T-bone steaks, chicken in the market with falling price, consumers can easily move for those products. Hence, from the above discussion in can be inferred that consumer expenditure on beef market is reduced. The markets that are related to the beef market are chicken, Spaghetti bolognaise and T-bone steaks in West Australia. These are the substitute product of beef. As cited by Hall and Lieberman (2012), when price of good rises, demand for substitute good rises as demand for the concerned product falls. When the effect of price change on substitute goods are concerned, it is assumed that other things such as price for the product, income of the consumers and their preferences remain the same (Rios, McConnell and Brue 2013). Demand curve shifts to the left or right as the when price of substitute good changes. The following figure shows the effect of price change of beef on the market of other types of meet in West Australia. As price of beef increases, demand for other type of meet with low price increases. Hence, demand increases in the related market. However, in short run, there is no increase in supply. Therefore, excess demand is created at price P2. Price of other types of meet rises in the market in order to manage demand. Consumer surplus in this related market is reduced as well. As a consequence, price rises until the new demand curve cuts the existing supply curve. The new equilibrium price is P2, which is greater than previous one and the equilibrium quantity is Q2, which is greater than previous. Quantity sold in the market rises as demand has risen. References Baumol, W.J. and Blinder, A.S., 2015.Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning. Hall, R.E. and Lieberman, M., 2012.Microeconomics: Principles and applications. Cengage Learning. McConnell, C.R., Brue, S.L. and Flynn, S.M., 2014. Microeconomics: Principles.Problems, and Policies,16. Parkin, M., and Bade, R., (n.d) Microeconomics: Australia in the Global environment. First Edition. Rios, M.C., McConnell, C.R. and Brue, S.L., 2013.Economics: Principles, problems, and policies. McGraw-Hill. Thimmapuram, P.R. and Kim, J., 2013. Consumers' price elasticity of demand modeling with economic effects on electricity markets using an agent-based model.IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,4(1), pp.390-397. Weyl, E.G. and Fabinger, M., 2013. Pass-through as an economic tool: Principles of incidence under imperfect competition.Journal of Political Economy,121(3), pp.528-583.